Roofing materials

ABSTRACT

A roofing or siding system having an improved average resulting reflectivity. The roofing and/or siding system is at least partially coated with a plurality of granules. The granules have an average reflectivity of at least about 55% and an average hardness of over about 3 Moh&#39;s.

[0001] The present invention claims priority on U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Serial No. 60/347,714 filed Jan. 11, 2002 entitled “RoofWith Highly-Reflective Particles”, which is incorporated herein byreference.

[0002] The present invention relates to a roofing and/or sidingmaterials, and more particularly to improved roofing and/or sidingmaterials having increased reflectivity.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0003] U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,379,358; 3,255,031; 3,479,201; 3,528,842;4,120,132; 4,288,959; 4,478,869; 5,088,259; 5,474,838; 5,540,971;5,573,8 10; 5,695,373; 5,813,176; 5,965,626; 6,110,846; 6,194,519;6,207,593; 6,296,912; 6,296,921; 6,341,462; and 6,360,511 areincorporated herein by reference to illustrate various types of roofingand/or siding systems on which the granular material of the presentinvention can be used, to also illustrate various manufacturingtechniques for making such roofing and/or siding systems, and/or tofurther illustrate various types of prior art granules.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Weather resistant granules of various hues, embedded on thesurface of various types of roofing and/or siding, have been usedextensively to provide an aesthetically pleasing color to such surfaces.In North America, asphalt-based roofing materials are a popular mediumfor covering roofs of homes and other structures. Asphalt-based roofingmaterials typically come in shingle or roll form, the shingle being themore widely used material. A typical asphalt shingle has an asphaltsubstrate and a multitude of granules placed thereon. The granules aregenerally embedded in the asphalt coating on the surface of anasphalt-impregnated base material such as roofing felt. The granules,which are embedded in one surface of the asphalt-impregnated and/orasphalt-coated fiber sheet material, form a coating to provide aninherently weather-resistant, fire-resistant, and/or decorative exteriorsurface. Because the granule coating provides the aesthetic effectobservable with respect to the roofing material, the appearance of thegranules is of major marketing importance. For this reason, a pigmentedcolor coating is ordinarily applied to the granules to enhance theirvisual decorative effect.

[0005] The granules employed for roofing and siding are generallyderived from a hard mineral base rock such as slate, basalt ornephelite. The granules are typically ground to a particle size of about10 to about 35 US mesh. These granules, which comprise a base substrate,are then coated with a pigment composition having a thickness of about 4to about 18 microns. Colored roofing granules are typically prepared byheating mineral rock granules of about 12-40 US mesh up to approximately1000° F. A paint slurry containing a pigment is then applied to theheated granules in a mixer. Kaolin clay is used extensively in silicatepaint formulations for coloring roofing granules. It serves as a filler,extender, moisture release agent, and reactant to aid filminsolubilization during high temperature firing. Although kaolin clay isa major component of such coating formulations, it alone lacks thebrightness and opacity needed to hide the dark underlying base rock ofthe granule. White colored roofing granule coatings using natural kaolinclay frequently require appreciable amounts of TiO₂ to achieve desiredcolor specifications. White or light colored roofs are particularlyfavored in many areas. The TiO₂ is commonly used in conventionalinsolubilized alkali silicate coatings, such as those described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 2,379,358; 3,255,031; and 3,479,201, which are incorporatedherein by reference. Other types of coating compositions have been used.For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,528,842, which is incorporated herein byreference, discloses artificially colored roofing granules. Thesegranules consist primarily of crushed and screened minerals, in whichthe granules are coated with a suitable pigment contained in aninorganic matrix or bond. Some common pigments include red iron oxide,yellow iron oxide, titanium dioxide, chrome hydrate, chrome oxide,chrome green, ultramarine blue, phthalocyanine blue and green, carbonblack, metal ferrites, and mixtures thereof. The bond is usually appliedin the form of a soluble silicate solution and is insolubilized eitherby heat treatment or by a combination of heat treatment and chemicalaction. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (“3M”) has offeredpigmented roofing granules known under the trade designations “LR-7000”,“LR-7070”, 3M Brand “4100”, and 3M Brand “9300”. These granules includemultiple silicate-clay coatings which may include cuprous oxide or zincoxide. Other types of pigment compositions include an aqueous slurry ofan iron oxide pigment and a mixture of a silicate and clay.

[0006] Although the color of a particular roofing system plays animportant role in determining which roofing system will be purchased byconsumers, other factors are also gaining more prominence in determiningthe color of a particular roofing system. One such factor is the energyefficiency of the roofing system. This is of particular importance inmore temperate regions, such as in the Southern and Southwest regions ofthe United States. Lighter colored roofs are known to reduce the rooftemperature, thereby reducing the cooling costs of the roofed structure.For instance, on a 90° F. sunny day, the roof temperature of a whitegranular coated roof will be 20-30° F. cooler than an aluminum coatedroof and 70-80° F. cooler than a black asphalt roof. As a result, thelighter colored roof system can amount to an energy savings of about5-10%. The cooler temperature of the white roof system not only reducesthe cooling costs associated with the building, but the heat generatedby the white roof contributes less heat to the surrounding environment,thus improving air quality, especially in urban areas.

[0007] Typical light colored roofing systems have light colored granuleswhich have a reflectivity of up to 30% and a prepared roofingreflectivity of up to 27%. Darker colored granules typically have alower reflectivity and a resulting roofing reflectivity than lightercolored granules. In view of the continued demand for greater energysavings, there is a demand for a roofing system having increasedreflectivity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention relates to roofing and/or siding materialsand a method of making such materials having improved reflectivity, andmore particularly to a granular material and method of applying thegranular material to the surface of the roofing and/or siding materialsresulting in improved the roofing and/or siding reflectivity. Thepresent invention is applicable to all types of roofing and/or sidingmaterials including, but not limited to, shingles, cap sheet rollroofing, modified bitumen, foam roofing, built-up roofing (BUR), metalroofing and/or siding, plastic roofing and/or siding, and wood roofingand/or siding.

[0009] Roofing systems having a bitumen- or asphalt-basedwater-resistant layer are well-known. Due to their chemical composition,these water-resistant layers are highly absorptive of radiation. Infact, these roofing layers may be regarded in an uncoated state asblack-body absorbers; that is, they effectively absorb almost all of theradiation that impinges upon them. Such asphalt surfaces absorbradiation, thereby resulting in increased temperature which can resultin thermal degradation of the roofing system and/or increase the coolingcosts of the roofed structure. In warmer regions, the bitumen- orasphalt-based layer can be heated to temperatures that significantlysoften the bitumen- or asphalt-based water-resistant layer, therebyexposing the softened layer to damage by foot traffic, as well as damageto an individual's shoes. As a result of these undesirable consequencesof bitumen- or asphalt-based roofing coatings, a layer of granules istypically applied to the surface of the bitumen- or asphalt-based layer.The granules have been found to increase the life of the bitumen- orasphalt-based layer, and in some cases, reduce the temperature of theroof surface when exposed to the sunlight. The granules are also used toalter the appearance of the roof surface, provide weather protection tothe roof surface, improve the fire rating of the roofing surface, reducephoto degradation of the roofing surface, improve impact resistance ofthe roofing surface (e.g. hail damage, foot traffic), improve slipresistance of the roofing surface, and/or provide an anti-blockingeffect when the roofing material is rolled after manufacture. As aresult, it is now common to embed a layer of roofing granules in anexposed surface of such a roofing system, whether that system bediscrete membrane panels such as shingles, rolled membrane products(e.g. modified bitumen, cap sheet roll roofing), or formed in placemembranes, such as are formed by mopping liquid bitumen- or asphaltbased roofing material atop a roofing base.

[0010] Roofing and/or siding shingles and cap sheet roll roofing and/orsiding usually employ a web of fibrous base material. The base materialtypically is a nonwoven fabric such as, but not limited to, felt(organic, glass fiber, polyester, polypropylene, etc.), fiberglass, orsimilar materials, which are coated with a bituminous composition suchas, but not limited to, bitumens, modified bitumens, tars, pitches,asphalt, and the like. The bituminous composition can include a fillersuch as, but not limited to, inorganic fillers or mineral stabilizers,organic materials such as polymers, recycled streams, or ground tirerubber, slate flour and/or powdered limestone. Granules are then pressedinto the layer of bituminous composition while it is in a warm, softenedcondition. Upon cooling, the granules remain attached as a surfacelayer. Finely divided materials such as mica flakes, talc, silica dustor the like may be made adherent to the non-weather exposed surface ofthe shingle to prevent sticking of the adjacent layers of the materialin packages. Examples of shingles are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,194,519; 6,296,912; and 6,341,462, which are incorporated herein byreference.

[0011] Modified bitumen incorporates the use of a composite fabric thatis impregnated with a bituminous composition. The composite fabrictypically includes a layer of woven or nonwoven material connected to alayer of low shrinkage warp strands and/or a layer of low shrinkage weftstrands. The layers are typically stitched or knitted together, and theresultant fabric may be coated with a resin or sizing to preventslippage between the several layers of the fabric and impart a measureof stiffness to the fabric. The fibers comprising the warp stands, theweft strands, and/or the woven or nonwoven material can include fibersselected from a variety of sources such as, but not limited to, naturalmaterials, polymeric materials, inorganic materials and combinationsthereof. Non-limiting examples of such fibers include polycrystallinefibers, fiberglass, thermoplastic fiber filaments (e.g., polyamidefibers of poly (p-phenylene terephthalate), poly (o-phenyleneterephthalamide), ultra low shrink polyester), cotton, cellulose,natural rubber, flax, ramie, hemp, sisal, wool, linen (flax), paper,wood pulp, polyamides, polyesters, acrylics, polyolefins, polyurethanes,vinyl polymers, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. The fibers can becontinuous filaments, fibers, strands and/or yarn. Like shingles, thecomposite fabric is coated with a bituminous material and then coatedwith granules that are then pressed into the layer of bituminousmaterial while it is in a warm, softened condition. Examples of modifiedbitumen are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,474,838; 5,540,971; 5,695,373;6,296,921, which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0012] Built-up roofing (BUR) systems generally comprise a substantiallyrigid deck covered with a membrane comprising one or more layers ofbituminous composition impregnated felt having a separately appliedcoating of bituminous composition on top of each layer of felt with aprotective layer of granules embedded in and covering the top bituminouscomposition. The granules are typically applied on the surface in bulk.BUR is used primarily on commercial buildings which have flat orlow-slope roofing systems. Its popularity arises from its relatively lowcost combined with its effectiveness as a water repellant membrane andits durability. Examples of BUR are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,360,511; 6,207,593 and 6,110,846, which are incorporated herein byreference.

[0013] Foam roofing and/or siding also are used primarily on commercialbuildings which have flat or low-slope roofing systems; however, othertypes of surfaces can be used. The polymer foam is typically sprayed ormopped on the roof surface and granules are applied to the polymersurface prior to the polymer fully curing. Like BUR, the granules areapplied to the foam surface in bulk. Foam roofing systems may alsoinclude a layer of material (i.e. felt, board, etc.) between the foamand the granules. Examples of foam roofing are disclosed in U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,088,259; 5,813,176 and 5,965,626, which are incorporated hereinby reference.

[0014] Metal, plastic and wood roofing and/or siding have also beencoated with granules to provide texture, color and/or improveddurability. Typically, the granules are adhered to the metal, plasticand wood roofing and/or siding by the use of an adhesive such as, butnot limited to, polymer adhesives, glue, bitumen, asphalt, etc. Examplesof metal, plastic and wood roofing and/or siding are disclosed in U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,120,132 and 4,288,959, which are incorporated herein byreference.

[0015] The white granules which can be applied to roofing and/or sidingsystems typically have a reflectivity of about 28-30%, which results inthe roof and/or siding system having an effective or resultingreflectivity of about 25-27%. Granules having a color other than whitegenerally have a reflectivity of less than about 28-30%, therebyresulting in a roof and/or siding system having an effective orresulting reflectivity of less than about 25-27%. The present inventionis particularly directed to a roofing and/or siding system that has aresulting reflectivity of over about 30% and will be particularlydescribed with reference thereto. As can be appreciated, the inventionhas a broader scope in that the improved product and method ofincreasing surface reflectivity can be used in other applications suchas, but not limited to, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, driveways,runways, steps, landscape stones, and other types of structures. Theimproved reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system providesseveral benefits to the roofing heretofore not obtained in prior roofingand/or siding systems. The increased reflectivity of the roofing and/orsiding system reduces the temperature of the surface of the roofingand/or siding system, especially on warm, sunny days. The reducedsurface temperature of the roofing and/or siding system reduces theamount of heat transfer from the surface of the roofing and/or sidingsystem to the structure positioned adjacent the roofing and/or sidingsystem. As a result, less energy is required to maintain the structureadjacent the roofing and/or siding system at a cooler temperature. Thereduced surface temperature of the roofing and/or siding system alsoreduces the contribution of the roofing and/or siding system as an urbanheat island, which can have negative effect on air quality in urbanareas. As a result, the improved roofing and/or siding system is moreenvironmentally friendly. The increased reflectivity of the roofingand/or siding system also increases the life of the roofing and/orsiding system. Increased roof temperatures result in the increased rateof degradation to the materials that make of the roofing and/or sidingsystem (e.g. bitumen, asphalt, woven materials, nonwoven materials,adhesives, etc.). In addition to the adverse of effects of hightemperatures, sunlight, especially UV light, can increase the rate ofdegradation of the materials that make up the roofing and/or sidingsystem. The improved reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system ofthe present invention increases the life of the roofing and/or sidingsystem by reducing the surface temperature of the roofing and/or sidingsystem, thus reducing the rate of thermal degradation. The improvedreflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system of the presentinvention also increases the life of the roofing and/or siding system byreducing the amount of sunlight that penetrates into the surface of theroofing and/or siding system. In one aspect of the present invention,the average resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding systemis over about 30%. In one embodiment ofthe present invention, theaverage resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system isover about 30 to about 99.9%. In another and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment of the invention, the average resulting reflectivity ofthe roofing and/or siding system is about 35-99.9%. In still anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, theaverage resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system isabout 40-95%. In yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment of the invention, the average resulting reflectivity of theroofing and/or siding system is about 45-99.9%. In still yet anotherand/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment of the invention, theaverage resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system isabout 50-99.9%. In a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment of the invention, the average resulting reflectivity of theroofing and/or siding system is about 50-95%. In still a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the averageresulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system is about51-95%. In yet a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment ofthe invention, the average resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/orsiding system is about 52-95%. In still yet a further and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment of the invention, the average resultingreflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system is about 53-95%. Inanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention,the average resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding systemis about 54-95%. In still another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment of the invention, the average resulting reflectivity of theroofing and/or siding system is about 55-95%. In yet another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the averageresulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system is about56-95%. In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment of the invention, the average resulting reflectivity of theroofing and/or siding system is about 57-95%. In a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the averageresulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system is about58-95%. In still a further and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodimentofthe invention, the average resulting reflectivity of the roofingand/or siding system is about 59-95%. In yet a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the averageresulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system is about60-95%. In still yet a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment of the invention, the average resulting reflectivity of theroofing and/or siding system is about 61-95%. In another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the averageresulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system is about62-95%. In still another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment ofthe invention, the average resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/orsiding system is about 63-95%. In yet another and/or alternative aspectof this embodiment of the invention, the average resulting reflectivityof the roofing and/or siding system is about 64-95%. In still yetanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention,the average resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding systemis about 65-95%. In a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment of the invention, the average resulting reflectivity of theroofing and/or siding system is about 50-90%. In still a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the averageresulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system is over about50 to about 85%. In yet a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment of the invention, the average resulting reflectivity of theroofing and/or siding system is over about 50 to about 80%. In still yeta further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention,the average resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding systemis over about 50 to about 75%. In another and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment of the invention, the average resulting reflectivity ofthe roofing and/or siding system is over about 50 to about 70%. In stillanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention,the average resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding systemis over about 50 to about 65%. In another and/or alternative embodimentof the present invention, the average reflectivity of the granules is atleast about 35%. The granules that are applied to the roofing and/orsiding system can be the same type of granule, or can be a mixture ofdifferent types, textures, shapes, and/or colors of granules. Generally,the average reflectiveness of the granules is greater than the averageresulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system, since theroofing and/or siding system surface is typically not fully covered withgranules; thus some of the light is absorbed in these uncovered regions.In one aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the averagereflectivity of the granules is about 35-99.9%. In another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the averagereflectivity of the granules is about 40-99.9%. In still another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the averagereflectivity of the granules is about 45-99.9%. In yet another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, the averagereflectivity of the granules is about 50-99.9%. In still yet anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, theaverage reflectivity of the granules is about 55-99.9%. In a furtherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, theaverage reflectivity of the granules is about 60-99.9%. In still afurther another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of theinvention, the average reflectivity of the granules is over about 60 toabout 99.9%. In yet a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment of the invention, the average reflectivity of the granules isabout 65-99.9%. In still yet a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment of the invention, the average reflectivity of the granules isabout 65-99%. In another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment ofthe invention, the average reflectivity of the granules is about 65-98%.In still another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of theinvention, the average reflectivity of the granules is about 65-95%. Inyet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of theinvention, the average reflectivity of the granules is about 66-95%. Instill yet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of theinvention, the average reflectivity of the granules is about 67-95%. Ina further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention,the average reflectivity of the granules is about 68-95%. In still afurther and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention,the average reflectivity of the granules is about 69-95%. In still yetfurther and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention,the average reflectivity of the granules is about 70-95%. In anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, theaverage reflectivity of the granules is about 65-90%. In still anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, theaverage reflectivity of the granules is about 65-85%. In yet anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment of the invention, theaverage reflectivity of the granules is about 70-85%. In still anotherand/or alternative embodiment of the present invention, the granules canhave one or more colors. Typically, lighter colors have a higher degreeof reflectivity. The color distribution used on a particular roofing orsiding system can be used to control the degree of reflectivity of theroofing or siding system, as well as selecting an aesthetically pleasingcolor for the roofing or siding system. In one aspect of thisembodiment, a single color of granules is primarily used in the roofingor siding system. In another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, multiple colors of granules are used in the roofing orsiding system. In still another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, white colored granules are primarily used in the roofing orsiding system.

[0016] In another and/or alternative aspect of the present invention,the granules applied to the roofing and/or siding system have an averagehardness of over about 3 Moh's hardness. The Moh's hardness scale iscommonly used to grade the hardness of minerals. The Moh's hardnessranges from 0 to 10, with 0 being a liquid and 10 being a diamond. AMoh's hardness of 3 is typically associated with calcite, while a Moh'shardness of 4 is typically associated with fluorite. The hardness of thegranules is important as to the durability of the roofing and/or sidingsystem. It is not uncommon for individuals to traverse a roof surface toeffect repairs to the roof and/or other structures on the roof. Agranular material having a Moh's hardness of 3 or less is highlysusceptible to being crushed as an individual walks on the granularsurface. The crushing of the granular material can result in thedislodging and/or destruction of the granules on the roof surface,thereby resulting in the less reflective material located below thegranules being exposed to sunlight. The crushed and/or dislodgedgranules can also result in the defacement of the roofing and/or sidingsystem, thereby resulting in a less aesthetically pleasing roof surface.The damage to the granules can further result in a shortened life of theroof system. In one embodiment, the average hardness of the granules onthe roofing and/or siding system is over about 3 Moh's. The granulesthat are applied to the roofing and/or siding system can be about thesame hardness, or can be a mixture of different hardnesses. In oneaspect of this embodiment, the average hardness of the granules on theroofing and/or siding system is over about 3 to about 10 Moh's hardness.In another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the averagehardness of the granules on the roofing and/or siding system is about3.5-10 Moh's hardness. In still another and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, the average hardness of the granules on the roofingand/or siding system is about 4-10 Moh's hardness. In yet another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the average hardness of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system is over about 4 to about 10Moh's hardness. In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the average hardness of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system is about 4.1-10 Moh's hardness. In a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the average hardness of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system is about 4.2-10 Moh'shardness. In still a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the average hardness of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system is about 4.3-10 Moh's hardness. In yet a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the average hardness of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system is about 4.4-10 Moh'shardness. In still yet a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the average hardness of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system is about 4.5-10 Moh's hardness. In another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the average hardness of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system is about 4.6-10 Moh'shardness. In still another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the average hardness of the granules on the roofing and/or siding systemis about 4.7-10 Moh's hardness. In yet another and/or alternative aspectof this embodiment, the average hardness of the granules on the roofingand/or siding system is about 4.8-10 Moh's hardness. In still yetanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the averagehardness of the granules on the roofing and/or siding system is about4.9-10 Moh's hardness. In a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the average hardness of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system is about 5-10 Moh's hardness. In still a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the average hardness of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system is about 5.5-10 Moh'shardness. In yet a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the average hardness of the granules on the roofing and/or siding systemis about 6-10 Moh's hardness. In a still yet further and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the average hardness of the granules on theroofing and/or siding system is about 6.5-10 Moh's hardness. In anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the average hardness ofthe granules on the roofing and/or siding system is about 7-10 Moh'shardness. In still another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the average hardness of the granules on the roofing and/or siding systemis about 7-9.5 Moh's hardness. In yet another and/or alternative aspectof this embodiment, the average hardness of the granules on the roofingand/or siding system is about 7-9 Moh's hardness.

[0017] In still another and/or alternative aspect of the presentinvention, the average porosity of the granules is low. Granules thatare highly porous can cause several problems. One such problem is theabsorption of water, oils and/or dirt by the granules. The absorption ofoil and/or dirt can cause discolorization of the granules, therebyresulting an a less aesthetically pleasing roofing and/or siding system.The high porosity of the granules can also result in the accelerateddegradation of the granules due to a wet/dry and/or freeze/thaw cyclewhen water is absorbed. Highly porous granules are susceptible to waterabsorption. In colder climates, the absorbed water can freeze, which canresult in the fracturing of the granule. The fracturing of the granulescan result in the destruction and/or dislodgement of the granules fromthe roofing and/or siding system, thereby reducing the life of theroofing and/or siding system. In one embodiment of the invention, theaverage porosity of the granules on the roofing and/or siding system isless than about 20% based on the amount of absorbed oil (e.g. mineraloil/hydrocarbon solvent). The granules that are applied to the roofingand/or siding system can be the same porosity, or can be a mixture ofdifferent porosities. In one aspect of this embodiment, the averageporosity of the granules on the roofing and/or siding system is lessthan about 20%. In another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the average porosity of the granules on the roofing and/or siding systemis less than about 15%. In still another and/or alternative aspectofthis embodiment, the average porosity ofthe granules on the roofingand/or siding system is about 0-15%. In yet another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the average porosity of the granules on theroofing and/or siding system is about 0-12%. In still yet another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the average porosity of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system is about 0-10%. In afurther and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the averageporosity of the granules on the roofing and/or siding system is about0-8%. In still a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the average porosity of the granules on the roofing and/or siding systemis about 0-5%. In yet a further another and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, the average porosity of the granules on the roofingand/or siding system is about 0.01-5%. Instill yet a further anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the average porosity ofthe granules on the roofing and/or siding system is about 0.01-4%. Inanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the averageporosity of the granules on the roofing and/or siding system is about0.5-4%. In still another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the average porosity of the granules on the roofing and/or siding systemis about 1-4%. In yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the average porosity of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system is about 1-3%.

[0018] In yet another and/or alternative aspect of the presentinvention, the opacity of the granules is sufficiently high to limit theamount of light passing through the granules. Certain types of light areknown to cause accelerated degradation of the bitumen and/or asphalt ofa roofing and/or siding system. Some studies have indicated light havinga wavelength of 2900-4500 Å is capable of oxidizing the oil phase of thebitumen and/or asphalt coating (commonly referred to as “asphalt“rust”), resulting in the bitumen and/or asphalt coating being washedaway. The degradation of the bitumen and/or asphalt not only damages theroofing and/or siding system, but such degradation also allows thegranules on the bitumen and/or asphalt to become dislodged, therebyfurthering the rate of degradation of the roofing and/or siding system.In one embodiment, the average opacity of the granules is over about50%. The granules that are applied to the roofing and/or siding systemcan be the same opacity, or can be a mixture of different opacities. Inone aspect of this embodiment, the average opacity of the granules is atleast about 55%. In another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the average opacity of the granules is at least about 60%.In still another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, theaverage opacity of the granules is at least about 65%. In yet anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the average opacity of thegranules is at least about 70%. In a further and/or alternative aspectof this embodiment, the average opacity of the granules is at leastabout 75%. In still a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the average opacity of the granules is at least about 80%.In yet a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, theaverage opacity of the granules is at least about 85%. In still yet afurther and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the averageopacity of the granules is at least about 90%. In another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the average opacity of thegranules is at least about 92%. In still another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the average opacity of the granules is atleast about 94%. In yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the average opacity of the granules is at least about 95%.In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, theaverage opacity of the granules is at least about 96%. In a furtherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the average opacity of thegranules is at least about 98%. In still a further and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the average opacity of the granules is atleast about 99%. In another and/or alternative embodiment of the presentinvention, the granules have an average reflectivity light with awavelength of 2900-4500 Å of at least about 50%. In one aspect of thisembodiment, the granules have an average reflectivity light with awavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 55-100%. In another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the granules have an averagereflectivity light with a wavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 60-100%. Instill another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the granuleshave an average reflectivity light with a wavelength of 2900-4500 Å ofabout 65-100%. In yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the granules have an average reflectivity light with awavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 70-100%. In still yet another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the granules have an averagereflectivity light with a wavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 75-100%. Ina further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the granuleshave an average reflectivity light with a wavelength of 2900-4500 Å ofabout 75-100%. In still a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the granules have an average reflectivity light with awavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 80-100%. In yet a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the granules have an averagereflectivity light with a wavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 85-100%. Instill yet a further and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, thegranules have an average reflectivity light with a wavelengthof2900-4500 Å of about 90-100%. In another and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, the granules have an average reflectivity light with awavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 92-100%. In still another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the granules have an averagereflectivity light with a wavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 94-100%. Inyet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the granuleshave an average reflectivity light with a wavelength of2900-4500 Å ofabout 95-100%. In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the granules have an average reflectivity light with awavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 96-100%. In a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the granules have an averagereflectivity light with a wavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 97-100%. Instill a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, thegranules have an average reflectivity light with a wavelength of2900-4500 Å of about 98-100%. In yet a further and/or alternative aspectof this embodiment, the granules have an average reflectivity light witha wavelength of 2900-4500 Å of about 99-100%.

[0019] In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of the presentinvention, the composition of at least a portion of the granules on theroofing and/or siding system includes aluminum such as, but not limitedto, metallic aluminum, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxalate, aluminumnitride, aluminum phosphate, etc. It has been found thataluminum-containing granules have excellent properties with respect toreflectivity, hardness, porosity, and/or opacity. Thealuminum-containing granules can be from a natural and/or man-madesource. In one embodiment, at least about 5% of the granules on theroofing and/or siding system are granules containing aluminum. In oneaspect of this embodiment, at least about 10% of the granules on theroofing and/or siding system are granules containing aluminum. Inanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, at least about 15%of the granules on the roofing and/or siding system are granulescontaining aluminum. In still another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, at least about 20% of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system are granules containing aluminum. In yet another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, at least about 25% of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system are granules containingaluminum. In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, at least about 30% of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system are granules containing aluminum. In a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, at least about 35% of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system are granules containingaluminum. In still a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, at least about 40% of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system are granules containing aluminum. In yet a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, at least about 45% of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system are granules containingaluminum. In still yet a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, at least about 50% of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system are granules containing aluminum. In another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, at least a majority of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system are granules containingaluminum. In still another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,at least about 55% of the granules on the roofing and/or siding systemare granules containing aluminum. In yet another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, at least about 60% of the granules on theroofing and/or siding system are granules containing aluminum. In stillyet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, at least about65% of the granules on the roofing and/or siding system are granulescontaining aluminum. In a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, at least about 70% of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system are granules containing aluminum. In still a furtherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, at least about 75% of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system are granules containingaluminum. In yet a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,at least about 80% of the granules on the roofing and/or siding systemare granules containing aluminum. In still yet a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, at least about 85% of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system are granules containingaluminum. In another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, atleast about 90% of the granules on the roofing and/or siding system aregranules containing aluminum. In still another and/or alternative aspectof this embodiment, at least about 92% of the granules on the roofingand/or siding system are granules containing aluminum. In yet anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, at least about 94% of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system are granules containingaluminum. In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, at least about 95% of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system are granules containing aluminum. In a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, at least about 96% of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system are granules containingaluminum. In still a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, at least about 98% of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system are granules containing aluminum. In yet a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, at least about 99% of thegranules on the roofing and/or siding system are granules containingaluminum. In still yet a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, at least about 99.5% of the granules on the roofing and/orsiding system are granules containing aluminum. In another and/oralternative embodiment of the present invention, the aluminum content ofthe aluminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 10 weightpercent. In one aspect of this embodiment, the aluminum content of thealuminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 15 weightpercent. In still another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the aluminum content of the aluminum-containing granules constitutes atleast about 20 weight percent. In yet another and/or alternative aspectof this embodiment, the aluminum content of the aluminum-containinggranules constitutes at least about 25 weight percent. In still yetanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the aluminumcontent of the aluminum-containing granules constitutes at least about30 weight percent. In a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the aluminum content of the aluminum-containing granulesconstitutes at least about 35 weight percent. In still a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the aluminum content of thealuminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 40 weightpercent. In yet a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the aluminum content of the aluminum-containing granules constitutes atleast about 45 weight percent. In still yet a further and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the aluminum content of thealuminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 50 weightpercent. In another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, thealuminum content of the aluminum-containing granules constitutes atleast a majority weight percent. In still another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the aluminum content of thealuminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 55 weightpercent. In yet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the aluminum content of the aluminum-containing granules constitutes atleast about 60 weight percent. In still yet another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the aluminum content of thealuminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 65 weightpercent. In a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, thealuminum content of the aluminum-containing granules constitutes atleast about 70 weight percent. In still a further and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the aluminum content of thealuminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 75 weightpercent. In yet a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the aluminum content of the aluminum-containing granules constitutes atleast about 80 weight percent. In still yet a further and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the aluminum content of thealuminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 85 weightpercent. In another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, thealuminum content of the aluminum-containing granules constitutes atleast about 90 weight percent. In still another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the aluminum content of thealuminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 92 weightpercent. In yet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment,the aluminum content of the aluminum-containing granules constitutes atleast about 94 weight percent. In still yet another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the aluminum content of thealuminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 95 weightpercent. In a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, thealuminum content of the aluminum-containing granules constitutes atleast about 96 weight percent. In still a further and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the aluminum content of thealuminum-containing granules constitutes at least about 98 weightpercent. In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the aluminum content of the aluminum-containing granulesconstitutes at least about 99 weight percent. In still another and/oralternative embodiment of the present invention, the aluminum-containinggranules include both aluminum (e.g., metallic aluminum, aluminum oxide,aluminum oxalate, aluminum nitride, aluminum phosphate, etc.) andsilicon (e.g., metallic silicon, silicon carbide, silicon dioxide,etc.). In one aspect of this embodiment, the aluminum plus siliconcontent of the aluminum-containing granules is at least about 70 weightpercent. In another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, thealuminum plus silicon content of the aluminum-containing granules is atleast about 75 weight percent. In still another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the aluminum plus silicon content of thealuminum-containing granules is at least about 80 weight percent. In yetanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the aluminum plussilicon content of the aluminum-containing granules is at least about 85weight percent. In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the aluminum plus silicon content of the aluminum-containinggranules is at least about 90 weight percent. In a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the aluminum plus silicon contentof the aluminum-containing granules is at least about 91 weight percent.In still a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, thealuminum plus silicon content of the aluminum-containing granules is atleast about 92 weight percent. In yet a further and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the aluminum plus silicon content of thealuminum-containing granules is at least about 93 weight percent. Instill yet a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, thealuminum plus silicon content of the aluminum-containing granules is atleast about 94 weight percent. In another and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, the aluminum plus silicon content of thealuminum-containing granules is at least about 95 weight percent. Instill another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the aluminumplus silicon content of the aluminum-containing granules is at leastabout 96 weight percent. In yet another and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, the aluminum plus silicon content of thealuminum-containing granules is at least about 97 weight percent. Instill yet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, thealuminum plus silicon content of the aluminum-containing granules is atleast about 98 weight percent. In a further and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, the aluminum plus silicon content of thealuminum-containing granules is at least about 99 weight percent. Inanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the ratio ofaluminum content to silicon content of the aluminum-containing granulesis at least about 0.1-100000:1. In still another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the ratio of aluminum content to siliconcontent of the aluminum-containing granules is at least about0.5-100000:1. In yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the ratio of aluminum content to silicon content of thealuminum-containing granules is at least about 1-100000:1. In still yetanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the ratio ofaluminum content to silicon content of the aluminum-containing granulesis at least about 1.1-50000:1. In a further and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, the ratio of aluminum content to silicon content of thealuminum-containing granules is at least about 1.5-50000:1. In still afurther and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the ratio ofaluminum content to silicon content of the aluminum-containing granulesis at least about 2-10000:1. In yet a further and/or alternative aspectof this embodiment, the ratio of aluminum content to silicon content ofthe aluminum-containing granules is at least about 5-10000:1. In stillyet a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the ratio ofaluminum content to silicon content of the aluminum-containing granulesis at least about 10-10000:1. In another and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, the ratio of aluminum content to silicon content of thealuminum-containing granules is at least about 0.2-5000:1. In stillanother and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the ratio ofaluminum content to silicon content of the aluminum-containing granulesis at least about 0.5-5000:1. In yet another and/or alternative aspectof this embodiment, the ratio of aluminum content to silicon content ofthe aluminum-containing granules is at least about 0.8-5000:1. In stillyet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the ratio ofaluminum content to silicon content of the aluminum-containing granulesis at least about 0.8-4000:1. In a further and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, the ratio of aluminum content to silicon content of thealuminum-containing granules is at least about 1-3500:1.

[0020] In a further and/or alternative aspect of the present invention,the roofing and/or siding system is coated by a multiple granularcoating method. Prior methods of coating shingles, modified bitumen,and/or cap sheet roll roofing involved the use of a single size range ofmaterial applied to the asphalt or bitumen layer. In most coatingprocesses, a single layer of granular material was applied to theasphalt or bitumen layer. In other processes, two layers of granularmaterial were coated onto the asphalt or bitumen layer. This dual layercoating process was used to form special shading on the roofingmaterials or to apply microorganism resistant granules and coloredgranules to the roofing materials. Such dual coating processes aredisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,478,869 and 5,573,810, which areincorporated herein by reference. In all these prior coating processes,the granules in each coating layer were substantially the same size. Theindustry standard for granules coated on shingles, modified bitumen,and/or cap sheet roll roofing is typically No. 11 grade granules(typically 8×40 US mesh having an average particle size of about 19 USmesh (i.e. 937 mm sieve designation)). This size of granules typicallycoats about 95-98% of the surface of the asphalt or bitumen layer of theroofing material. As a result, some of the asphalt or bitumen layerremains exposed, even when two coating layers of granules are usedand/or the non-adhered granules are reapplied to the surface of thegranular coated roofing material. An improved process and method ofcoating shingles, modified bitumen, and/or cap sheet roll roofing hasbeen developed to increase the coating coverage of the asphalt orbitumen layer of the roofing material. The improved process and methodincludes the steps of first applying a granular material having a firstaverage size of material, and secondly applying another layer ofgranular material having a second average size of material, wherein thefirst average size is greater than the second average size. It has beenfound that significantly improved coverage by the granules on theasphalt or bitumen layer of the roofing material is achieved by use ofthis multiple coating, multiple granule size coating process. As can beappreciated, more than two coating layers can be applied to the asphaltor bitumen layer of the roofing material. However, if more than twolayers are applied to the asphalt or bitumen layer of the roofingmaterial, the last coating layer typically includes the smaller-sizedgranules. The multiple coating, multiple granule size coating processcan also used on other types of roofing and/or siding systems wherein anadhesive is typically used to secure the granules to the roofingmaterial (e.g., metal roofing, plastic roofing, wood roofing).Furthermore, the multiple coating, multiple granule size coating processcan be used on BUR and foam roofing and/or siding systems. In these twotypes of roofing and/or siding systems, the granular material istypically applied in bulk until the asphalt or bitumen layer or foamlayer is fully covered with the granular material. As a result, much ofthe top layer of granules is spaced from and does not adhere to theasphalt or bitumen layer or foam layer. By use of the multiple coating,multiple granule size coating process of the present invention, areduction in the amount of granular material can be used without any orany significant reduction in granular coverage on the asphalt or bitumenlayer or foam layer. Consequently, a material cost savings can beachieved, in addition to reducing the load on the roof surface. It hasbeen found that the multiple coating, multiple granule size coatingprocess can increase the average resulting reflectivity of the roofingand/or siding system without use of any special roofing granules. Insome cases, the average resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/orsiding system can be increased by 5% or more. In one embodiment of thepresent invention, at least one coating layer is formed by granuleshaving an average particle size of larger than about 30 US mesh, and atleast one other coating layer is formed by granules having an averageparticle size of less than about 30 US mesh. As can be appreciated,different size ranges of granules can be used on different types ofroofing and/or siding systems. For instance, BUR systems may usegranules having an average particle size that is greater that theaverage particle size of granules used on shingles. As a result, theaverage particle size of the of the granules will typically depend onthe type of roofing and/or siding system, and/or the desired end use ofthe roofing and/or siding system. An important aspect of this embodimentis that the average particle size of at least one layer of granules isless than the average particle size of another layer of granules. In oneaspect of this embodiment, at least one coating layer is formed bygranules having an average particle size of larger that about 25 USmesh, and at least one other coating layer is formed by granules havingan average particle size of less than about 35 US mesh. In anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, at least one coating layeris formed by granules having an average particle size of about 2.5-25 USmesh, and at least one other coating layer is formed by granules havingan average particle size of 30-100 US mesh. In still another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, at least one coating layer isformed by granules having an average particle size of greater than about20 US mesh, and at least one other coating layer is formed by granuleshaving an average particle size of less than about 35 US mesh. In oneparticular non-limiting example, at least one coating layer is formed byNo.11 grade granules having an average particle size of about 19 US mesh(i.e. 937 mm sieve designation), and at least one other coating layer isformed by granules having a particle designation of 40×70 having anaverage particle size of about 47 US mesh (i.e. 330 mm sievedesignation). In another particular non-limiting example, at least onecoating layer is formed by No. 14 grade granules having an averageparticle size of about 22 US mesh (i.e. 754 mm sieve designation), andat least one other coating layer is formed by granules having a particledesignation of 40×70 having an average particle size of about 47 US mesh(i.e. 330 mm sieve designation). In still another particularnon-limiting example, at least one coating layer is formed by 12×40designated granules having an average particle size of about 19 US mesh(i.e. 958 mm sieve designation), and at least one other coating layer isformed by granules having a particle designation of 40×70 having anaverage particle size of about 47 US mesh (i.e. 330 mm sievedesignation). In yet anther particular non-limiting example, at leastone coating layer is formed by No. 11 grade granules having an averageparticle size of about 19 US mesh (i.e. 937 mm sieve designation), andat least one other coating layer is formed by granules having a particledesignation of 28×48 having an average particle size of about 50 US mesh(i.e. 304 mm sieve designation). In still yet anther particularnon-limiting example, at least one coating layer is formed by No. 14grade granules having an average particle size of about 22 US mesh (i.e.754 mm sieve designation), and at least one other coating layer isformed by granules having a particle designation of 28×48 having anaverage particle size of about 50 US mesh (i.e. 304 mm sievedesignation). In a further particular non-limiting example, at least onecoating layer is formed by 12×40 designated granules having an averageparticle size of about 19 US mesh (i.e. 958 mm sieve designation), andat least one other coating layer is formed by granules having a particledesignation of 28×48 having an average particle size of about 50 US mesh(i.e. 304 mm sieve designation). In another and/or alternativeembodiment of the invention, the ratio of the average particle size ofat least one layer of granules to the average particle size of at leastone other layer of granules is at least about 1.3:1. In one aspect ofthis embodiment, the ratio of the average particle size of at least onelayer of granules to the average particle size of at least one otherlayer of granules is about 1.5-50:1. In another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the ratio of the average particle size of atleast one layer of granules to the average particle size of at least oneother layer of granules is about 1.5-25:1. In still another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the ratio of the average particlesize of at least one layer of granules to the average particle size ofat least one other layer of granules is about 1.5-20:1. In yet anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the ratio of the averageparticle size of at least one layer of granules to the average particlesize of at least one other layer of granules is about 1.5-10:1. Instillyet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the ratio ofthe average particle size of at least one layer of granules to theaverage particle size of at least one other layer of granules is about1.5-5:1. In a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, theratio of the average particle size of at least one layer of granules tothe average particle size of at least one other layer of granules isabout 1.75-5:1. In still a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the ratio of the average particle size of at least one layerof granules to the average particle size of at least one other layer ofgranules is about 1.75-4:1. In yet a further and/or alternative aspectof this embodiment, the ratio of the average particle size of at leastone layer of granules to the average particle size of at least one otherlayer of granules is about 2-3.5:1. In still yet a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the ratio of the average particlesize of at least one layer of granules to the average particle size ofat least one other layer of granules is about 2.1-3.3:1.

[0021] In a further and/or alternative aspect of the present invention,the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to the roofing and/orsiding system by use of the multiple coating, multiple granule sizecoating process is over about 95%. In one aspect of this embodiment, thecoverage percentage of the granules adhered to the roofing and/or sidingsystem by use of the multiple coating, multiple granule size coatingprocess is over about 96%. In another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is over about 97%. In still another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage of thegranules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is over about98%. In yet another and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, thecoverage percentage of the granules adhered to the roofing and/or sidingsystem by use of the multiple coating, multiple granule size coatingprocess is at least about 98.1%. In still yet another and/or alternativeaspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage of the granulesadhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of the multiplecoating, multiple granule size coating process is at least about 98.2%.In a further and/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the coveragepercentage of the granules adhered to the roofing and/or siding systemby use of the multiple coating, multiple granule size coating process isat least about 98.3%. In still a further and/or alternative aspect ofthis embodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 98.4%. In yet a furtherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage ofthe granules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 98.5%. In still yet a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 98.6%. In another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage of thegranules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 98.7%. In still another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 98.8%. In yet anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage ofthe granules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 98.9%. In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 99%. In a further and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage of thegranules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 99.1%. In still a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 99.2%. In yet a furtherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage ofthe granules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 99.3%. In still yet a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 99.4%. In another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage of thegranules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 99.5%. In still another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 99.6%. In yet anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage ofthe granules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 99.7%. In still yet another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 99.8%. In a furtherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage ofthe granules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 99.9%. In still a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 99.92%. In yet a furtherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage ofthe granules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 99.94%. In still yet a further and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 99.95%. In another and/oralternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage of thegranules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 99.96%. In still another and/or alternative aspect of thisembodiment, the coverage percentage of the granules adhered to theroofing and/or siding system by use of the multiple coating, multiplegranule size coating process is at least about 99.98%. In yet anotherand/or alternative aspect of this embodiment, the coverage percentage ofthe granules adhered to the roofing and/or siding system by use of themultiple coating, multiple granule size coating process is at leastabout 99.99%.

[0022] It is a principal object of the present invention to provide animproved roofing and/or siding system.

[0023] Another and/or alternative object of the present invention is theprovision of a roofing and/or siding system that has improvedreflectivity.

[0024] Still another and/or alternative object of the present inventionis the provision of a roofing and/or siding system having an exposedsurface of highly reflective, wear-resistant granules.

[0025] Yet another and/or alternative object of the present invention isthe provision of a roofing and/or siding system wherein a bitumen- orasphalt-based layer is covered in at least significant portion bygranules that are highly reflective to sunlight.

[0026] Still yet another and/or alternative object of the presentinvention is the provision of a roofing and/or siding system includinggranules that are reflective with regard to those portions of theelectromagnetic spectrum which are particularly harmful to a bitumen- orasphalt-based layer.

[0027] A further and/or alternative object of the present invention isthe provision of a roofing and/or siding system which includes granuleshaving high weather resistant properties such as resistance tooxidation, UV exposure, and wet/dry or freeze/thaw cycling.

[0028] Still a further and/or alternative object of the presentinvention is the provision of a roofing and/or siding system thatincludes a granular coating which possesses superior weatherability,good tint strength and color stability as well as heat stability.

[0029] Yet a further and/or alternative object of the present inventionis the provision of a roofing and/or siding system that is commerciallyfeasible and economical to manufacture.

[0030] Another and/or alternative object of the present invention is theprovision of a roofing and/or siding system that includes granules thatreadily adhere to a bitumen- or asphalt-based layer with a limiteddegree of adhesive failure.

[0031] Still another and/or alternative object of the present inventionis the provision of a roofing and/or siding system that includesgranules having a sufficient hardness to resist damage from walkingtraffic.

[0032] Yet another and/or alternative object of the present invention isthe provision of a roofing and/or siding system that includes granuleshaving a low porosity.

[0033] Still yet another and/or alternative object of the presentinvention is the provision of a roofing and/or siding system thatincludes granules that can be applied to a variety of roofing and/orsiding systems.

[0034] A further and/or alternative object of the present invention isthe provision of a roofing and/or siding system that includes asignificant amount of aluminum.

[0035] Still a further and/or alternative object of the presentinvention is the provision of a roofing and/or siding system having animproved average reflectivity.

[0036] Yet a further and/or alternative object of the present inventionis the provision of a roofing and/or siding system that is coated by amulti-coating process.

[0037] Still yet a further and/or alternative object of the presentinvention is the provision of a roofing and/or siding system that hasimproved granular coverage.

[0038] Another and/or alternative object of the present invention is theprovision of a roofing and/or siding system that has a reduced surfacetemperature when exposed to sunlight.

[0039] Still another and/or alternative object of the present inventionis the provision of a roofing and/or siding system that reduces energycosts associated with the cooling of a structure.

[0040] Yet another and/or alternative object of the present invention isthe provision of a roofing and/or siding system that resists heatdegradation.

[0041] Still yet another and/or alternative object of the presentinvention is the provision of a roofing and/or siding system thatincludes granules having a longer life.

[0042] These and other objects and advantages will become apparent tothose skilled in the art upon reading and following the descriptiontaken together with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] Reference may now be made to the drawings which illustratevarious preferred embodiments that the invention may take in physicalform and in certain parts and arrangement of parts wherein:

[0044]FIG. 1 is a side sectional view of a prior art roofing and/orsiding system;

[0045]FIG. 2 is an elevation view of an apparatus utilizing the coatingmethod of the present invention;

[0046]FIG. 2A is an elevation view of an alternative apparatus utilizingthe coating method of the present invention;

[0047]FIG. 3 is a side sectional view of a roofing and/or siding systemincorporating the present invention;

[0048]FIG. 4 is a side sectional view of another roofing and/or sidingsystem incorporating the present invention; and,

[0049]FIG. 5 is a side sectional view of still another roofing and/orsiding system incorporating the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0050] Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for thepurpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention only andnot for the purpose of limiting same, FIG. 1 illustrates a prior artroofing system 10. The roofing system 10 is secured to a roof, roofsubstrate (e.g., base sheets), or subroof R by any suitable arrangement.The roofing system 10 is a shingle that includes a bitumen- orasphalt-based material 12, 15, a reinforcement material 14 therebetween,and layer of granules 16. The reinforcement material 14 is typically afelt or fiberglass material that is commonly used in the art. Thereinforcement material 14 is shown as being fully embedded in thebitumen- or asphalt-based material 12. The granules 16 are illustratedas being partially embedded and secured in the bitumen- or asphalt-basedmaterial 12. The granules are typical granules used in roofingmaterials. The granules are generally derived from a mineral base rocksuch as greenstone, greystone, nephylene syenite, gravel slate,gannister, granite, quartzite, andosite, rhyolite and the like. Thegranules may be coated to color the granules and/or provide the granuleswith antimicrobial resistance. Examples of such granules are ceramiccoated minerals sold by 3M.

[0051] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the granules 16 are shown to bespherical and have the same size. In practice, the granules have avariety of different shapes and not all of the granules are the samesize. One common size of granules used on shingles is No. 11 gradeparticles. No. 11 grade particles are known in the industry to have aparticle range of about 8×40 US mesh having an average mesh size ofabout 19 US mesh (i.e. 937 mm sieve designation). Referring again toFIG. 1, much of the exposed surface of bitumen- or asphalt-basedmaterial 12 is covered by granules 16; however, there exists spacesbetween some of the granules. Typically about 95-98% of the exposedsurface of bitumen- or asphalt-based material 12 is covered by granules16. These spaces allow sunlight as indicated by the arrows to bypass thegranules and contact the upper surface of bitumen- or asphalt-basedmaterial 12. The exposure of the bitumen- or asphalt-based material 12to the sunlight results in absorption of the sunlight by the bitumen- orasphalt-based material 12, as indicated by the arrows, which in turnincreases the rate of degradation to the bitumen- or asphalt-basedmaterial 12. The degradation of the bitumen- or asphalt-based material12 reduces the life of the roofing and/or siding system 10. Thedegradation of the bitumen- or asphalt-based material 12 alsoaccelerates the release of granules from the bitumen- or asphalt-basedmaterial 12, thereby allowing for further absorption of the sunlight,including UV light, by the bitumen- or asphalt-based material 12. Theabsorption of sunlight by the bitumen- or asphalt-based material 12results in an increased temperature of the roofing and/or siding system10, which temperature increase also accelerates the degradation of thebitumen- or asphalt-based material 12.

[0052] Referring again to FIG. 1, granules 16 are illustrated asreflecting some of the sunlight and allowing a portion of the sunlightto be transmitted through the granules, as indicated by the arrows,which is then absorbed by the bitumen- or asphalt-based material 12. Asstated above, the absorption of sunlight by the bitumen- orasphalt-based material 12 accelerates the degradation of the bitumen- orasphalt-based material 12. The absorption of sunlight also results in anincrease in surface temperature of the roofing system. Typical surfacetemperatures of roof systems on a clear, 90° F. day exceed about 155° F.These high surface temperatures result in increased rates of degradationof the roofing system, and increased cooling costs of the roofedstructure.

[0053] Referring now to FIG. 3, a roofing and/or siding system 20, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention, is illustrated. Theroofing and/or siding system 20 is secured to a roof, roof substrate,and/or subroof R by any suitable arrangement. As can be appreciated,roofing and/or siding system 20 can be secured to other surfaces suchas, but not limited to, the side of a structure, the floor of astructure, a deck, a street, a sidewalk, a parking lot, a driveway, theground, etc. The roofing and/or siding system 20 includes a top layer ofbituminous composition 22, a reinforcement material 24, a bottom layerof bituminous composition 25, and granules 26. The roofing and/or sidingsystem 20 can be roofing shingles, cap sheet roll roofing, modifiedbitumen, or built-up roofing (BUR). The bituminous composition istypically bitumen and/or asphalt; however, other or additionalconstituents known in the art can be used. The thickness of thebituminous composition is selected to meet the desired end use of theroofing and/or siding system 20. The reinforcement material 24 can beany known composite material, felt or fiberglass material, or additionalor other material that is known in the art. The composition, thickness,and/or arrangement of the reinforcement material 24 is selected to meetthe desired end use of the roofing and/or siding system 20. For amodified bitumen roofing and/or siding system, reinforcement material 24is typically a composite material. For a shingles, cap sheet roll or BURroofing and/or siding systems, reinforcement material 24 is typically afelt or fiberglass fiber material. The reinforcement material 24 isillustrated as being fully embedded between the top and bottom layers ofbituminous composition; however, this is not required. For instance, thebottom layer of bituminous composition can be eliminated. In addition,the composite material may only be partially embedded in the bituminouscomposition. As can also be appreciated, additional layers of compositematerial and/or bituminous composition can be used. The upper surface ofthe top layer of bituminous composition 22 includes two different sizesof granules 26, 28. Most of granules 26, 28 are illustrated as beingpartially embedded and secured in the upper surface of bituminouscomposition 22. As can be appreciated, some of granules 26, 28 may befully embedded in the bituminous composition and/or not embedded in thebituminous composition to meet the desired end use of the roofing and/orsiding system 20. As illustrated in FIG. 3, granules 26 aresubstantially spherical and have the same size. In practice, thegranules have a variety of different shapes and not all of the granulesare the same size. The size of granules 26 is an illustrated averagesize of the granules. Likewise, granules 28 are shown to be sphericaland have the same size. In practice, the granules have a variety ofdifferent shapes and not all of the granules are the same size. The sizeof granules 28 is an illustrated average size of the granules, whichaverage size is less than the average size of granules 26.

[0054] Granules 26, 28 are made or and/or are coated with a highlyreflective material that reflects most, if not all, of the sunlight thatcontacts the granules as shown by the arrows. Most, if not all, of theupper surface of bituminous composition 22 is covered by the granules,thereby preventing most, if not all, of the sunlight directed toward theroofing and/or siding system 20 from being absorbed by the bituminouscomposition 22.

[0055] Referring again to FIG. 3, the smaller granules 28 occupy thespaces between the larger granules 26, thereby increasing the amount ofcoverage of the upper surface of the bituminous composition 22. Theincreased amount of granule coverage on the upper surface of thebituminous composition 22 is a significant improvement over prior artroofing and/or siding system 20 as shown in FIG. 1. The increasedcoverage of the upper surface of the bituminous composition 22 reducesthe rate of degradation of the bituminous composition 22, reduces thesurface temperature of the roofing and/or siding system, extends thelife of the roofing system, and/or results in a more aestheticallypleasing surface color. The increased coverage provided by the granulestypically results in a 1-5% or more increase in reflectivity of theroofing and/or siding system. The size of granules 26 is selected tomeet the desired end use of the roofing and/or siding system 20. Onenon-limiting example for shingles, cap sheet roll or modified bitumenroofing and/or siding systems is to use No. 11 grade particles or No. 14grade particles (particle range of 12-40 US mesh and an average US meshsize of 22 US mesh (i.e. 754 mm sieve designation)) for granules 26 andto use 28×48 designated particles having an average US mesh size ofabout 50 US mesh (i.e. 304 mm sieve designation) for granules 28. As canbe appreciated, other sized particles can be used for granules 26 and/orgranules 28. For BUR roofing and/or siding systems, one non-limitingexample is to use a particle range of 2.5-9 US mesh having an average USmesh size of 3.5 US mesh for granules 26 and No. 11 grade particles forgranules 28. As can be appreciated, other sized particles can be usedfor granules 26 and/or granules 28. It is not uncommon that the meandiameter of the granules for BUR roofing and/or siding systems exceed 1inch. Granules larger than 0.25 inch in diameter are commonly referredto as gravel.

[0056] Referring now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated an apparatus forforming a roofing and/or siding system 20 such as shingles, cap sheetroll roofing or modified bitumen in accordance with the presentinvention. Reinforcement material 24 is passed through a coater 30containing liquid bituminous composition 32 to at least partiallyimpregnate the reinforcement material. As the reinforcement material 24is passed through a coater 30, the reinforcement material is guided byone or more guide rollers 34. As the reinforcement material 24 passesthrough a coater 30, a continuous hot bituminous coated strip 36 isformed. The bituminous coated strip is then passed beneath a hopper 40which applies granules 26 (primary granules) on the upper surface of thebituminous coated strip. A gate 42 controls the amount of granules 26that is deposited on the upper surface of the bituminous coated strip.The amount of granules 26 deposited on the upper surface of thebituminous coated strip is typically selected to substantially fullycover the upper surface of the bituminous coated strip; however, otheramounts of granules 26 can be used. The coverage of granules 26 on theupper surface of the bituminous coated strip is generally represented bythe coverage of granules 16 in FIG. 1. For instance, when No. 11 gradegranules are used, the coverage provided by the granules is typicallyabout 95-98% (ASTM D6225). After granules 26 have been deposited on theupper surface of the bituminous coated strip, granules 28 (secondarygranules) are then deposited on the upper surface of the bituminouscoated strip as the bituminous coated strip passes under hopper 50. Theamount of granules 28 deposited on the upper surface of the bituminouscoated strip from hopper 50 is controlled by gate 52. The amount ofgranules 28 deposited on the upper surface of the bituminous coatedstrip is typically selected to substantially fully cover the exposedupper surface of the bituminous coated strip; however, other amounts ofgranules 28 can be used. Typically, the amount of granules 28 depositedon the upper surface of the bituminous coated strip is less than theamount of granules 26 deposited on the upper surface of the bituminouscoated strip. The smaller sized granules 28 are deposited on the uppersurface of the bituminous coated strip between previously depositedgranules 26. After the smaller sized granules 28 are deposited on theupper surface of the bituminous layer, less than about 5% of thebituminous layer remains exposed, and typically less than about 2% ofthe bituminous layer remains exposed. As a result of this multiplecoating, multiple size granule coating process, a significantly greaterportion of the upper surface of the bituminous coated strip is coated bygranules. As can be appreciated, more than two layers of granules can beapplied to the bituminous layer. Typically, the smaller sized granulesare coated onto the bituminous layer after the larger sized particleshave been applied; however, this is not required. The size ratio ofgranules 26 to granules 28 is at least about 1.5:1.

[0057] After the granules are deposited on the upper surface of thebituminous coated strip, the bituminous coated strip is passed around adrum 60. As the bituminous coated strip travels about drum 60, many ofgranules 26, 28 are at least partially pressed into the bituminouscoated strip. In addition, as the bituminous coated strip travels aboutdrum 60, loosely adhered granules 26, 28 fall from the surface of thebituminous coated strip. These granules can be disposed of and/orrecycled for later use. After bituminous strip passes around drum 60,the bituminous coated strip is guided by one or more guide rollers 62 toa cooling section and/or pressing section, not shown. One or more pressrollers 64 may be used to at least partially press granules 26,28 intothe bituminous layer for improved adhesion of the granules to theroofing and/or siding system. After the bituminous coated strip iscooled and/or pressed, the bituminous coated strip is rolled up and/orformed into shingles. The process steps of cooling, pressing, rolling,and shingle formation are well known in the art, thus will not bedescribed herein.

[0058] Referring now to FIG. 2A, another apparatus is illustrated forforming a roofing and/or siding system 20 such as shingles, cap sheetroll roofing or modified bitumen in accordance with the presentinvention. Reinforcement material 24 is passed through a coater 70containing liquid bituminous composition 72 to at least partiallyimpregnate the reinforcement material. As the reinforcement material 24is passed through a coater 70, the reinforcement material is guided byone or more guide rollers 74. As the reinforcement material 24 passesthrough a coater 70, a continuous hot bituminous coated strip 76 isformed.

[0059] The bituminous coated strip is then passed beneath a hopper 80which applies granules 26 (primary granules) on the upper surface of thebituminous coated strip. A gate 82 controls the amount of granules 26that is deposited on the upper surface of the bituminous coated strip.The amount of granules 26 deposited on the upper surface of thebituminous coated strip is typically selected to substantially fullycover the upper surface of the bituminous coated strip; however, otheramounts of granules 26 can be used. The coverage of granules 26 on theupper surface of the bituminous coated strip is generally about 95-98%when No. 11 grade granules are used.

[0060] After granules 26 have been deposited on the upper surface of thebituminous coated strip, the bituminous coated strip is passed about adrum 90. As the bituminous coated strip travels about drum 90, many ofgranules 26 are at least partially pressed into the bituminous coatedstrip. In addition, as the bituminous coated strip travels about drum90, loosely adhered granules 26 fall from the surface of the bituminouscoated strip. These granules can be disposed of and/or recycled forlater use. The fallen granules expose regions in the bituminous layerthat are not covered by at least partially embedded granules 26. Theseexposed regions have been found to be more easily filled by smallergranules that are subsequently applied to the bituminous layer, as willbe discussed below. It has been found that in many of the finalproducts, there is increased coverage of the bituminous layer when loosegranules 26 are removed prior to applying granules 28. As illustrated inFIG. 2A, there is a hopper 92 positioned adjacent to drum 90. Hopper 92is used to collect the loose granules for disposal and/or for later use.As can be appreciated, the use of hopper 92 is optional.

[0061] After the bituminous coated strip passes around drum 90, thebituminous coated strip is fed to drum 94. The path of the bituminouscoated strip between drums 90 and 92 is illustrated as an “S” shape;however, other shaped paths for the bituminous coated strip can be used.As the bituminous coated strip passes about drum 94, the bituminouscoated strip passes under press roller 96. Press roller 96 is used to atleast partially press granules 26 into the bituminous layer for improvedadhesion of the granules to the roofing and/or siding system. Use ofpress roller 96 results in granules 26 twice being at least partiallypressed into the bituminous coated strip (i.e. first by drum 90 andsecond by press roller 96 and drum 94). As can be appreciated, the useof press roller 96 is optional. After bituminous coated strip passesabout drum 94, granules 28 (secondary granules) are then deposited onthe upper surface of the bituminous coated strip as the bituminouscoated strip passes under hopper 84. The amount of granules 28 depositedon the upper surface of the bituminous coated strip from hopper 84 iscontrolled by gate 86. The amount of granules 28 deposited on the uppersurface of the bituminous coated strip is typically selected tosubstantially fully cover the exposed upper surface of the bituminouscoated strip; however, other amounts of granules 28 can be used.Typically, the amount of granules 28 deposited on the upper surface ofthe bituminous coated strip is less than the amount of granules 26deposited on the upper surface of the bituminous coated strip. Thesmaller sized granules 28 are deposited on the upper surface of thebituminous coated strip between previously deposited granules 26. Afterthe smaller sized granules 28 are deposited on the upper surface of thebituminous layer, less than about 5% of the bituminous layer remainsexposed, and typically less than about 2% of the bituminous layerremains exposed. When granules having a size designation of 12×40 havingan average particle size of about 19 US mesh (i.e. 958 mm sievedesignation) are used for granules 26 and granules having a sizedesignation of 40×70 having an average particle size of about 47 US mesh(i.e. 330 mm sieve designation) are used for granules 28, the coverageof the bituminous layer by granules 26, 28 is over 98%.

[0062] As can be appreciated, additional coatings of granules can beapplied to the bituminous layer to attempt to increase the coverage bythe granules; however, this is not required. Typically, the smallersized granules are coated onto the bituminous layer after the largersized particles have been applied; however, this is not required. As aresult of this multiple coating, multiple size granule coating process,a significantly greater portion of the upper surface of the bituminouscoated strip is coated by granules.

[0063] Referring again to FIG. 2A, after the bituminous coated strippasses under hopper 84, the bituminous coated strip travels to drum 98.Positioned adjacent to drum 98 is a press roller 100. Press roller 100is used to at least partially press and at least partially embed newlyapplied granules 28 in the bituminous layer. Press roller 100 will alsoat least partially press and at least partially embed granules 26 in thebituminous layer. As can be appreciated, the use of press roller 100 isoptional. As the bituminous coated strip passes about drum 98, looselyadhered granules 26, 28 fall from the surface of the bituminous coatedstrip. These granules can be disposed of and/or recycled for later use.As illustrated in FIG. 2A, there is a hopper 102 positioned adjacent todrum 98. Hopper 102 is used to collect the loose granules for disposaland/or for later use. As can be appreciated, the use of hopper 102 isoptional.

[0064] Once the bituminous coated strip passes about drum 98, thebituminous coated strip guided by one or more guide rollers to a coolingsection and/or pressing section. As illustrated in FIG. 2A, thebituminous coated strip passes about drums 104, 105, 106. As thebituminous coated strip passes about these drums, granules 26, 28 arefurther at least partially pressed and at least partially embedded inthe bituminous layer, and/or loose granules fall from the bituminouscoated strip. As can be appreciated, the use of drums 104, 105 and/or106 is optional. Another press roller 106 is illustrated as beingpositioned adjacent to drum 106. The press roller is to used to at leastpartially press and at least partially embed granules 26, 28 in thebituminous layer. As can be appreciated, press roller 108 is optional.

[0065] After the bituminous coated strip is cooled and/or pressed, thebituminous coated strip is rolled up and/or formed into shingles. Theprocess steps of cooling, pressing, rolling, and shingle formation arewell known in the art, thus will not be described herein.

[0066] Referring now to FIG. 4, another roofing and/or siding system 110in accordance with one embodiment of the invention is illustrated.Roofing and/or siding system 110 is a metal, plastic and/or wood roofingand/or siding system. The roofing and/or siding system 110 is secured toa roof or subroof R by any suitable arrangement. The roofing and/orsiding system 110 includes a base substrate 112 such as, but not limitedto, a sheet of plastic, metal or wood. The base substrate is typically arigid or semi-rigid structure. The thickness of the base substrate isselected to meet the desired end use of the roofing and/or siding system110. Applied to the top surface of the base substrate is an adhesivelayer 114. The adhesive layer can be formed by any type of adhesivedesirable. Some non-limiting examples include polymer adhesives, glue,bitumen, asphalt, etc. The thickness of the adhesive layer is selectedto meet the desired end use of the roofing and/or siding system 110.Granules 116, 118 are coated on the adhesive layer and secured to thebase substrate by the adhesive layer. As can be appreciated, some ofgranules 116, 118 may be fully or partially embedded in the adhesivelayer and/or not embedded in the adhesive layer. The composition, size,layer thickness, and/or physical properties of the granules are selectedto meet the desired end use of the roofing and/or siding system 110. Asillustrated in FIG. 4, granules 116 are substantially spherical and havethe same size. In practice, the granules have a variety of differentshapes and not all of the granules are the same size. The size ofgranules 116 is an illustrated average size of the granules. Likewise,granules 118 are shown to be spherical and have the same size. Inpractice, the granules have a variety of different shapes and not all ofthe granules are the same size. The size of granules 118 is anillustrated average size of the granules, which average size is lessthan the average size of granules 116. Granules 116, 118 are made ofand/or are coated with a highly reflective material that reflects most,if not all, of the sunlight that contacts the granules as shown by thearrows. Most, if not all, of the upper surface of adhesive layer 114 iscovered by the granules, thereby preventing most, if not all, of thesunlight directed toward the roofing and/or siding system 110 fromcontacting and/or being absorbed by the base substrate 112. As can beappreciated, the adhesive layer can be formulated so as to at leastpartially function as a reflective layer to further prevent sunlightfrom contacting and/or being absorbed by the base substrate 112.

[0067] Referring again to FIG. 4, smaller granules 118 occupy the spacesbetween the larger granules 116, thereby increasing the amount ofcoverage of the adhesive layer 112. The increased amount of granulecoverage on the adhesive is a significant improvement over prior artroofing and/or siding systems. The increased coverage provided by thegranules typically results in a 1-5% or more increase in reflectivity ofthe roofing and/or siding system. The increased coverage of the adhesivelayer 114 reduces the rate of degradation of the base substrate 112,reduces the surface temperature of the roofing and/or siding system,extends the life of the roofing system, and/or results in a moreaesthetically pleasing surface color. The size of granules 116 isselected to meet the desired end use of the roofing and/or siding system110. Typically, granules 116 are No. 11 grade particles or No. 14 gradeparticles; however, other sizes can be used. The size of granules 118 isselected to have an average particle size of less than the averageparticle size of granules 116. One non-limiting example would be to usea particle designation of 12×40 having an average US mesh size of about19 US mesh for granules 116 and a particle designation of 28×48 havingan average US mesh size of about 50 US mesh (i.e. 304 mm sievedesignation) for granules 118.

[0068] Referring now to FIG. 5, still another roofing and/or sidingsystem 120 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention isillustrated. Roofing and/or siding system 120 is a foam roofing and/orsiding system. The roofing and/or siding system 120 is secured to a roofor subroof R by foam 122. Foam 122 can be any type of foam used onroofing and/or siding systems such as, but not limited to, polyurethanematerials. The foam is applied to roof or subroof R by any known method.The composition and/or thickness of the foam is selected to meet thedesired end use of the roofing and/or siding system 120. Applied to thetop surface of the foam are granules 124, 126. As can be appreciated,some of granules 124, 126 may be fully or partially embedded in the foamand/or not embedded in the foam. The composition, size, layer thickness,and/or physical properties of the granules are selected to meet thedesired end use of the roofing and/or siding system 120. As illustratedin FIG. 5, granules 124 are substantially spherical and have the samesize. In practice, the granules have a variety of different shapes andnot all of the granules are the same size. The size of granules 124 isan illustrated average size of the granules. Likewise, granules 126 areshown to be spherical and have the same size. In practice, the granuleshave a variety of different shapes and not all of the granules are thesame size. The size of granules 126 is an illustrated average size ofthe granules, which average size is less than the average size ofgranules 124. Granules 124, 126 are made of and/or are coated with ahighly reflective material that reflects most, if not all, of thesunlight that contacts the granules, as shown by the arrows. Most, ifnot all, of the upper surface of foam 122 is covered by the granules,thereby preventing most, if not all, of the sunlight directed toward theroofing and/or siding system 120 from contacting and/or being absorbedby the foam. As can be appreciated, the foam can be formulated so as toat least partially function as a reflective layer to further preventsunlight from being absorbed by foam 122. As illustrated in FIG. 5,granules 124, 126 are spherical in shape; however such shape is merelyrepresentative of one of many shapes of the granules.

[0069] Referring again to FIG. 5, the smaller granules 126 occupy thespaces between the larger granules 124, thereby increasing the amount ofcoverage of foam 122. The increased amount of granule coverage on thefoam is a significant improvement over prior art roofing and/or sidingsystems. The increased coverage provided by the granules typicallyresults in a 1-5% or more increase in reflectivity of the roofing and/orsiding system. The increased coverage of the foam reduces the rate ofdegradation of the foam, reduces the temperature of the roofing and/orsiding system, extends the life of the roofing system, and/or results ina more aesthetically pleasing surface color. The size of granules 124 isselected to meet the desired end use of the roofing and/or siding system120. Typically, granules 126 are typically No. 11 grade particles orlarger; however, other sizes can be used. The size of granules 126 isselected to have an average particle size of less than the averageparticle size of granules 124. One non-limiting example would be to usea particle range of 2.5-9 US mesh having an average US mesh size of 3.5US mesh for granules 124 and a particle designation of 40×70 having anaverage US mesh size of about 47 US mesh (i.e. 330 mm sieve designation)for granules 126.

[0070] The resulting reflectivity of the roofing and/or siding systemcan be further increased by the use of the novel highly reflectivegranules in accordance with the present invention. Prior art whitegranules typically have a reflectivity in the range of about 28 to about30%, and the resulting reflectivity of the roof and/or siding system isabout 25 to about 27%. Roofing and/or siding systems that includegranules other than white granules typically have a lower resultingreflectivity. The lower reflectivity of these prior art granules resultsin higher surface temperatures and shorter life of the prior art roofingsystems. The novel granules in accordance with the present inventionhave an average reflectivity of at least about 35%, and typically havean average reflectivity of at least about 55%, and can be as high asabout 99% or greater. Typically, such highly reflective granules have awhite color; however, other colors can be used. When such highlyreflective granules are used in the roofing and/or siding systems asillustrated in FIGS. 3-5, the average resulting reflectivity of theroofing and/or siding system is over about 30%. In one non-limitingembodiment of the present invention, the average resulting reflectivityof the roofing and/or siding system is at least about 35%, and typicallyat least about 45%, move typically at least about 50%, and can be ashigh as 95% or greater. The significant increase in resultingreflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system by the at least partialuse of the novel granules of the present invention amounts to asignificant advance in the roofing industry. The increased resultingreflectivity of the roofing and/or siding system results in a reductionin the surface temperature of the roofing and/or siding system, which inturn increases the life of the roofing system, makes the roofing and/orsiding system more environmentally friendly, especially in urban areas,and/or results in reduced cooling costs of structures covered by thenovel roofing and/or siding system of the present invention. The novelgranules of the present invention are also selected to have an averagereflectivity light with a wavelength of 2900-4500 Å of at least about50%, and typically about 55-100%. Light having a wavelength of 2900-4500Å is known to cause accelerated degradation of the bitumen and/orasphalt of a roofing and/or siding system. The composition of thegranules is selected to reduce the amount of light with a wavelength of2900-4500 Å from penetrating the granules. It has been found that theopacity of the granules has an effect on the ability of light with awavelength of 2900-4500 Å to penetrate the granules. The granules of thepresent invention generally have an average opacity of over about 50%,and typically an opacity of at least about 55% to about 100%.

[0071] The novel granules ofthe present invention generally have anaverage hardness of over about 3 Moh's hardness, and typically at leastabout 4 Moh's hardness and up to about 9.5 or greater Moh's hardness.The harder granules increase the durability and life of the roofingand/or siding system (i.e increase impact resistance). The novelgranules also generally have an average porosity of less than 20%, andtypically less than about 10-15%. Granules that are highly porous aresusceptible to discolorization, and/or accelerated degradation due towet/dry and/or freeze/thaw cycles. The novel granules are also selectedto resist degradation from water and air and/or from a variety ofenvironmental contaminants such as, but not limited to, acid rain,pollutants, fungus, bacteria, vegetation growth, animal refuse, insectsecretions, etc. The novel granules can be made from natural ormade-made materials. For instance, the granules can be partially orfully formed from natural minerals and/or polymers. The granules caninclude a base substrate, and can be coated with one or more coatings ofa natural and/or man-made material. The granules can be selected to havea high or low density, depending on the desired use of the granules forthe roofing and/or siding system. The granules can also includematerials that resist bacteria and/or fungus growth, and/or other typesof biological growth. The shape and size of the granules in not limitedother than by what is desired for a particular roofing and/or sidingsystem.

[0072] Certain types of granules have been discovered to have highlyreflective properties. These granules typically include aluminum suchas, but not limited to metallic aluminum, aluminum oxide, aluminumoxalate, aluminum nitride, aluminum phosphate, etc. It has been foundthat aluminum-containing granules have excellent properties with respectto reflectivity, hardness, porosity, and/or opacity. Thealuminum-containing granules can be of a natural and/or man-made source.When aluminum-containing granules are selected for use on a roofingand/or siding system, the aluminum content of the granules is generallyat least about 5 weight percent. Granules having an aluminum contentthat constitutes a majority weight percent of the granules have beenfound to be very highly reflective to sunlight when used on roofingand/or siding materials.

[0073] Several common granules used in the roofing and/or sidingindustry do not fall within the scope of the novel granules of thepresent invention. For instance, one of the more popular granules knownas Industry White (ceramic coated granite) has a reflectivity of about25-30% (ASTM E903), and when used on a roofing and/or siding system,results in the roofing and/or siding system having a resultingreflectivity of about 23-27%. Industry White also has a high porosity ofabout 20%. The relatively low reflectivity of Industry White results inenhanced surface temperatures of the roofing system. Typically, aroofing system that primarily includes Industry White has a surfacetemperature of about 155-165° F. on a sunny day with ambienttemperatures of about 90° F. The increased surface temperature of theroofing system results in an increased rate of thermal degradation ofthe roofing system resulting in reduced life of the roofing system, andin increased cooling costs for cooling the structure under the roofingsystem. Another common type of granules used is known as “Black Beauty.”Black Beauty (coal slag) has a reflectivity of about 2-5%, and when usedon a roofing and/or siding system, results in the roofing and/or sidingsystem having a resulting reflectivity of about 1-3%. The lowreflectivity of Black Beauty results in significantly enhanced surfacetemperatures of the roofing system. Typically, a roofing system thatprimarily includes Black Beauty has a surface temperature of about180-200° F. on a sunny day with ambient temperatures of about 90° F. Theincreased surface temperature of the roofing system results in anincreased rate of thermal degradation of the roofing system resulting inreduced life of the roofing system, and in increased cooling costs forcooling the structure under the roofing system. Granules formed fromgranite generally have a reflectivity of about 5-20%, and when used on aroofing and/or siding system, result in the roofing and/or siding systemhaving a resulting reflectivity of about 3-17%. Dark gravel has areflectivity of up to about 12%, and when used on a roofing and/orsiding system, results in the roofing and/or siding system having aresulting reflectivity of about 8-10%. Light gravel has a reflectivityof up to about 34%, and when used on a roofing and/or siding system,results in the roofing and/or siding system having a resultingreflectivity of about 25-29%. The use of granite granules on roofingand/or siding systems also results in significantly enhanced surfacetemperatures of the roofing system. Typically, a roofing system thatprimarily includes granite granules has a surface temperature of about165-185° F. on a sunny day with ambient temperatures of about 90° F. Theincreased surface temperature of the roofing system results in anincreased rate of thermal degradation of the roofing system resulting inreduced life of the roofing system, and in increased cooling costs forcooling the structure under the roofing system. Granules formed fromlimestone have also been used to some extent. Limestone granules aresofter than other types of commonly used granules. The Moh's hardness oflimestone is about 2-3. Additionally, limestone is reactive with air andwater, and thus degrades when exposed to air and water. Limestone isalso highly reactive with acid rain, thus readily degrades in urbanenvironments. As a result, granules made solely from limestone are notcommonly used. When pure limestone granules are used, the reflectivityof the granules is about 55-60% and the resulting reflectivity on theroofing and/or siding system is up to about 45%. Roofing and/or sidingsystems that include limestone also result in enhanced surfacetemperatures of the roofing system. Typically, a roofing system thatprimarily includes limestone granules has a surface temperature of about130-145° F. on a sunny day with ambient temperatures of about 90° F. Theincreased surface temperature of the roofing system results in anincreased rate of thermal degradation of the roofing system resulting inreduced life of the roofing system, and in increased cooling costs forcooling the structure under the roofing system. Marble, which ischemically the same as limestone, is harder than limestone (about 4Moh's hardness) and is less chemically reactive than limestone. Marblehas a reflectivity of about 55-60%; however, the resulting reflectivityis about 5-10%. The significantly lower resulting reflectivity is aresult of the low opacity of marble. Limestone has an opacity of about90-95%. Marble, in a granular form, has an opacity of up to about 20%.As a result, light is readily transmitted through the marble, therebylowering the resulting reflectivity of the marble, especially when themarble is applied to a bituminous surface. Therefore, marble istypically not used as the sole granular layer. The low opacity of themarble results in accelerated degradation of the roofing and/or sidingsystem from the sunlight, when used as the sole granular layer. Anothertype of granule that has been used is ISP Ultra Brite White. Thesegranules have a reflectivity of 44-52%, and when used on a roofingand/or siding system, result in the roofing and/or siding system havinga resulting reflectivity of about 40-44%. Roofing and/or siding systemsthat include ISP Ultra Brite White result in increased surfacetemperatures of the roofing system. Typically, a roofing system thatprimarily includes ISP Ultra Brite White has a surface temperature ofabout 125-135° F. on a sunny day with ambient temperatures of about 90°F. The increased surface temperature of the roofing system results in anincreased rate of thermal degradation of the roofing system resulting inreduced life of the roofing system, and in increased cooling costs forcooling the structure under the roofing system.

[0074] All these types prior art granules, except limestone and marble,have a reflectivity below 55%. In addition, all these types of granuleshave a resulting reflectivity, when applied to a black body such asasphalt and/or a bituminous material, of no more than 45%. As can beappreciated, these common granules, if desired, can be included with thenovel granules of the present invention of roofing and/or sidingsystems.

[0075] Several materials have been found that can be used to formgranules on roofing and/or siding systems having the desiredreflectivity, hardness, porosity, and opacity. The use of thesematerials results in significantly improved resulting reflectivity ofthe roofing and/or siding system. Roofing and/or siding systems thatinclude granules in accordance with the present invention result inreduced surface temperatures of the roofing system. Typically, a roofingsystem that primarily includes the granules in accordance with thepresent invention has a surface temperature of about 115-125° F. on asunny day with ambient temperatures of about 90°. This reduced surfacetemperature of the roofing system results in a reduced rate of thermaldegradation of the roofing system resulting in longer life of theroofing system, and in reduced cooling costs for cooling the structureunder the roofing system.

[0076] One material that meets the criteria of the novel granules of thepresent invention is a material named “Grog”, which is commerciallyavailable through Maryland Refractories Co. of Irondale, Ohio. Grog is arecycled alumina scrap from fire brick and kiln furnaces. Grog has anoff-white color. Grog includes a majority of aluminum in the form ofaluminum oxide. Grog can include other components such as silicon in theform of silica, iron oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, titaniumoxide and other materials. One particular form of Grog that can be usedis “90A Grog” having the following composition: Component Weight % RangeTypical Al₂O₃ 86-93 89 SiO₂   5-12.4 8.5 Fe₂O₃ 0.1-0.5 0.3 CaO 0.1-1  0.5 MgO 0.04-0.8  0.5 TiO₂ 0.1-1   0.7 Alkalies 0.1-0.5 0.3

[0077] Grog has a reflectivity of generally at least about 55%,typically at least about 60%, and more typically about 65-70%. When Grogis used on a roofing and/or siding system, the resulting reflectivity ofthe roofing and/or siding system is generally over 45%, typically atleast about 50%, and more typically about 56-60%. Grog generally has ahardness of at least about 5 Moh's hardness, typically at least about 6Moh's hardness, and more typically about 7-9 Moh's hardness. Groggenerally has a porosity of less than about 20%, typically less thanabout 10%, and more typically less than about 5%. Grog has an opacity ofgenerally over about 80%, and typically at least about 90%. The weightpercent ratio of aluminum to silicon in the Grog is generally at leastabout 2:1, and typically about 2.2-30:1, and more typically about2.3-20:1. The weight percent of aluminum and silicon in the Grog isgenerally at least about 75%, typically at least about 85%, and moretypically at least about 90%.

[0078] Another material that meets the criteria of the novel granules ofthe present invention is a material named “Mullite,” a white calcinedmineral commercially available from Hitchins Refractories of Louisville,Ky. Mullite includes a majority of aluminum and silicon in the form ofaluminum oxide and silica. Mullite can include other components such asiron oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, sodiumoxide, potassium oxide, and other materials. One particular form ofMullite that can be used is “SM-47 Mullite” having the followingcomposition: Component Weight % Range Typical Al₂O₃ at least 45 45.1SiO₂ up to 54  53.1 Fe₂O₃ up to 0.5 0.29 CaO up to 0.1 0.09 MgO up to0.1 0.05 TiO₂ up to 0.8 0.56 Na₂O  up to 0.05 0.04 K₂O  up to 0.03 0.01

[0079] Another particular form of Mullite that can be used is asynthetic sintered mullite commercially available from Passary MineralsLimited in India. These mullites are sold commercially under the names“Synthmul 47”, “Synthmul 60”, “Synthmul 70” and “High Purity”. Thesemullites have the following composition: Typical Typical Typical TypicalComponent Weight % Range “47” “60” “70” “HP” Al₂O₃ 45-74 47.2 60 70.573.16 SiO₂ 20-52 50.1 37.3 24.6 24.52 Fe₂O₃ 0.3-1.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 CaOup to 0.1 Trace MgO up to 0.1 TiO₂ up to 3   2.5 2.3 2.75 0.35 Na₂O +K₂O  up to 0.65 0.65

[0080] Mullite has a reflectivity of generally at least about 55%,typically at least about 60%, and more typically about 68-70%. WhenMullite is used on a roofing and/or siding system, the resultingreflectivity on the roofing and/or siding system is generally over about45%, typically at least about 50%, and more typically about 55-65%.Mullite generally has a hardness of at least about 5 Moh's hardness,typically at least about 6 Moh's hardness, and more typically about 7-9Moh's hardness. Mullite generally has a porosity of less than about 10%,typically less than about 6%, and more typically about 3-4%. Mullite hasan opacity of generally over about 80%, and typically at least about90%. The weight percent ratio of aluminum to silicon in the Mullite isgenerally at least about 0.7:1, and typically about 0.8-10:1, and moretypically about 0.8-5:1. The weight percent of aluminum and silicon inthe Mullite is generally at least about 80%, typically at least about90%, and more typically at least about 93%.

[0081] Another material that meets the criteria of the novel granules ofthe present invention is tabular alumina commercially available from C-EMinerals, of King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. Tabular alumina is used as aceramic raw material. Tabular alumina includes a majority of aluminum inthe form of aluminum oxide. Tabular alumina can include other componentssuch as silica, iron oxide, calcium oxide, sodium oxide, and othermaterials. One particular form of tabular alumina that can be used is“T-1064” having the following composition: Component Weight % RangeTypical Al₂O₃ at least 99 99.7 SiO₂ up to 0.1  0.03 Fe₂O₃ up to 0.150.13 CaO up to 0.12 0.04 Na₂O up to 0.35 0.26

[0082] Tabular alumina has a reflectivity of generally at least about55%, typically at least about 65%, and more typically about 70-85%. Whentabular alumina is used on a roofing and/or siding system, the resultingreflectivity on the roofing and/or siding system is generally over 45%,typically at least about 50%, and more typically about 52-60%. Tabularalumina generally has a hardness of at least about 5 Moh's hardness,typically at least about 6 Moh's hardness, and more typically about 7-9Moh's hardness. Tabular alumina generally has a porosity of less thanabout 10%, typically less than about 5%, and more typically about 1-4%.Tabular alumina generally has an opacity of over about 80%, andtypically at least about 90%. The weight percent ratio of aluminum tosilicon in the tabular alumina is generally at least about 9:1, andtypically about 15-8000:1, and more typically about 50-4000:1. Theweight percent of aluminum and silicon in the tabular alumina isgenerally at least about 90%, typically at least about 95%, and moretypically at least about 98%.

[0083] Another material that meets the criteria of the novel granules ofthe present invention is crushed porcelain. This material iscommercially available from Aluchem Inc. of Reading, Ohio. The source ofthe crushed porcelain is typically from broken or recycled dinnerware.As a result, the granules of the present invention can be a recycledmaterial. The crushed porcelain typically has an aluminum oxide contentof at least about 25 weight percent. White crushed porcelain has areflectivity of generally at least about 55%, typically at least about60%, and typically about 65-70%, When crushed white porcelain is used ona roofing and/or siding system, the resulting reflectivity on theroofing and/or siding system is generally at over about 45%, typicallyat least about 48%, and more typically about 50-55%. The crushed whiteporcelain generally has a hardness of at least about 5 Moh's hardness,typically at least about 6 Moh's hardness, and more typically about 7-9Moh's hardness. The crushed white porcelain generally has a porosity ofless than about 10%, typically less than about 8%, and more typicallyless than about 5%. The crushed white porcelain generally has an opacityof over about 80%, and typically at least about 90%. The weight percentratio of aluminum to silicon in the crushed white porcelain is generallyat least about 0.2:1, and typically about 0.25-2:1, and more typicallyabout 0.25-1:1. The weight percent of aluminum and silicon in thecrushed white porcelain is generally at least about 75%, typically atleast about 80%, and more typically at least about 85%. As can beappreciated, other types or white china or dinnerware can be used solong such china and dinnerware have a sufficiently high hardness,sufficient low porosity, sufficiently high opacity, and sufficientlyhigh reflectiveness.

[0084] The invention has been described with reference to the preferredembodiment and alternatives thereof. It is believed that manymodifications and alterations to the embodiments disclosed will readilysuggest themselves to those skilled in the art upon reading andunderstanding the detailed description of the invention. It is intendedto include all such modifications and alterations insofar as they comewithin the scope of the present invention.

I claim:
 1. A roofing or siding system having an average resultingreflectivity of at least about 45% comprising an adhering surface onwhich a plurality of granules are at least partially secured thereto,said granules having an average reflectivity of at least about 55% andan average hardness of over about 3 Moh's.
 2. The roofing and/or sidingsystem as defined in claim 1, wherein said granules have an averagereflectivity of about 55-99.9%, said roofing or siding system having anaverage resulting reflectivity of about 45-95%.
 3. The roofing and/orsiding system as defined in claim 2, wherein said granules have anaverage reflectivity of about 60-99.9%, said roofing or siding systemhaving an average resulting reflectivity of about 50-95%.
 4. The roofingand/or siding system as defined in claim 1, wherein said granules havean average hardness of at least about 4 Moh's.
 5. The roofing and/orsiding system as defined in claim 3, wherein said granules have anaverage hardness of at least about 4 Moh's.
 6. The roofing and/or sidingsystem as defined in claim 3, wherein said granules have an averageopacity of at least about 55%.
 7. The roofing and/or siding system asdefined in claim 6, wherein said granules have an average opacity of atleast about 60%.
 8. The roofing and/or siding system as defined in claim5, wherein said granules have an average opacity of at least about 60%.9. The roofing and/or siding system as defined in claim 1, wherein saidgranules have an average porosity of less than about 20%.
 10. Theroofing and/or siding system as defined in claim 9, wherein saidgranules have an average porosity of about 0-15%.
 11. The roofing and/orsiding system as defined in claim 8, wherein said granules have anaverage porosity of about 0-15%.
 12. The roofing and/or siding system asdefined in claim 1, wherein at least a plurality of said granulesinclude aluminum.
 13. The roofing and/or siding system as defined inclaim 12, wherein at least a plurality of said granules include amajority of aluminum.
 14. The roofing and/or siding system as defined inclaim 11, wherein at least a plurality of said granules include amajority of aluminum.
 15. The roofing and/or siding system as defined inclaim 1, wherein at least two particle size distributions of granulesare at least partially embedded in said adhering surface.
 16. Theroofing and/or siding system as defined in claim 14, wherein at leasttwo particle size distributions of granules are at least partiallyembedded in said adhering surface.
 17. The roofing and/or siding systemas defined in claim 1, wherein said granules cover over about 95% ofsaid adhering surface.
 18. The roofing and/or siding system as definedin claim 17, wherein said granules cover over about 98% of said adheringsurface.
 19. The roofing and/or siding system as defined in claim 16,wherein said granules cover over 98% of said adhering surface.
 20. Theroofing and/or siding system as defined in claim 1, wherein saidadhering surface includes an asphalt and/or bitumen surface, a pluralityof said granules being at least partially embedded in said asphaltand/or bitumen surface.
 21. The roofing and/or siding system as definedin claim 19, wherein said adhering surface includes an asphalt and/orbitumen surface, a plurality of said granules being at least partiallyembedded in said asphalt and/or bitumen surface.
 22. The roofing and/orsiding system as defined in claim 1, wherein said adhering surfaceincludes a foam surface, a plurality of said granules being at leastpartially embedded in said foam surface.
 23. The roofing and/or sidingsystem as defined in claim 19, wherein said adhering surface includes afoam surface, a plurality of said granules being at least partiallyembedded in said foam surface.
 24. The roofing and/or siding system asdefined in claim 1, wherein said adhering surface includes an adhesivesurface.
 25. The roofing and/or siding system as defined in claim 19,wherein said adhering surface includes an adhesive surface.
 26. A highlyreflective granule for use on a roofing and/or siding system to at leastpartially coat and provide a highly reflective, weather resistantsurface coating on the roofing and/or siding system, said granule havinga reflectivity of at least about 55%, a hardness of over about 3 Moh's,a porosity of less than about 20%, an opacity of at least about 55%, andan aluminum content of at least about 10 weight percent.
 27. The highlyreflective granule as defined in claim 26, wherein said reflectivity isabout 60-99%.
 28. The highly reflective granule as defined in claim 26,wherein said hardness is at least about 4 Moh's.
 29. The highlyreflective granule as defined in claim 27, wherein said hardness is atleast about 4 Moh's.
 30. The highly reflective granule as defined inclaim 26, wherein said opacity is at least about 60%.
 31. The highlyreflective granule as defined in claim 29, wherein said opacity is atleast about 60%.
 32. The highly reflective granule as defined in claim26, wherein said porosity is about 0-15%.
 33. The highly reflectivegranule as defined in claim 31, wherein said porosity is about 0-15%.34. The highly reflective granule as defined in claim 26, including amajority of aluminum.
 35. The highly reflective granule as defined inclaim 33, including a majority of aluminum.
 36. The highly reflectivegranule as defined in claim 26, including silicon, and a ratio of saidaluminum content to said silicon content is about 1.1-100000:1.
 37. Thehighly reflective granule as defined in claim 36, including silicon, anda ratio of said aluminum content to said silicon content is about2-50000:1.
 38. The highly reflective granule as defined in claim 35,including silicon, and a ratio of said aluminum content to said siliconcontent is about 2-50000:1.
 39. The highly reflective granule as definedin claim 26, wherein said surface includes an asphalt and/or bitumensurface.
 40. The highly reflective granule as defined in claim 38,wherein said surface includes an asphalt and/or bitumen surface.
 41. Thehighly reflective granule as defined in claim 26, wherein said surfaceincludes a foam surface.
 42. The highly reflective granule as defined inclaim 38, wherein said surface includes a foam surface.
 43. The highlyreflective granule as defined in claim 26, wherein said surface includesan adhesive surface.
 44. The highly reflective granule as defined inclaim 38, wherein said surface includes an adhesive surface.
 45. Amethod of coating highly reflective granules on an adhering surface ofroofing or siding to obtain an average resulting reflectivity of atleast about 45% comprising: a) selecting a plurality of highlyreflective granules having an average reflectivity of at least about 55%and an average hardness of over about 3 Moh's; and, b) applying saidgranules substantially uniformly on said adhering surface until overabout 95% of said adhering surface is covered by said granules.
 46. Themethod as defined in claim 45, including the use of at least twodifferent sized of granules, a first size of granules having an averageparticle size that is greater than an average particle size of a secondsize of granules, said first size of granules being applied to saidadhering surface prior to said second size of said granules.
 47. Themethod as defined in claim 45, wherein a size ratio of said first sizeof granules having an average particle size to an average particle sizeof a second size of granules is at least about 1.3:1.
 48. The method asdefined in claim 45, wherein said adhering surface includes asphaltand/or bitumen, said adhering surface being continuously moved as saidgranules are applied to said adhering surface.
 48. The method as definedin claim 47, wherein said adhering surface includes asphalt and/orbitumen, said adhering surface being continuously moved as said granulesare applied to said adhering surface.
 49. The method as defined in claim45, wherein said granules cover over about 98% of said adhering surface.50. The method as defined in claim 48, wherein said granules cover overabout 98% of said adhering surface.
 51. A roof system comprising a roofsubstrate at least partially coated with granules to obtain an averageresulting reflectivity of at least about 45%, said granules having anaverage reflectivity of at least about 55% and an average hardness ofover about 3 Moh's, said granules covering over about 95% of said roofsubstrate.
 52. The roof system as defined in claim 51, including the useof at least two different sized of granules, a first size of granuleshaving an average particle size that is greater than an average particlesize of a second size of granules.
 53. The roof system as defined inclaim 52, wherein a size ratio of said first size of granules having anaverage particle size to an average particle size of a second size ofgranules is at least about 1.3:1.
 54. The roof system as defined inclaim 51, wherein said granules cover over about 98% of said adheringsurface.
 55. The roof system as defined in claim 53, wherein saidgranules cover over about 98% of said adhering surface.